Caribbean Economy and Slavery Essay

What were the economical, social and political consequences which resulted from the changeover of tobacco to sugarcane in the 17th Century?’ Objectives †¢What is the sugar revolution? †¢What were the reasons for the change from tobacco to sugarcane (better termed a the sugar revolution) in the 17th century †¢Assess the social political and economical consequences which resulted from the change of tobacco to sugarcane in the 17th century Rationale The need for economic stability as well as potential growth in the French and eastern Caribbean islands led to what was best termed as the Sugar Revolution. The ‘Sugar Revolution’ was referred to as such due to the changes and consequences which were far reaching and rapid. This sugar revolution was the change from tobacco to sugar cane in the mid to late 17th century in the French and English Caribbean islands where monoculture was a rule. This revolution did not only just change sugar instead of tobacco to the chief crop; the population changed from white to black; the size of landholdings changed; and eventually the West Indies became ‘the cockpit of Europe’, thus these changes were just as equally revolutionary. The list of changes the sugar revolution brought was in surplus or inexhaustible for that matter. However, these inexhaustible changes can be best be fit under  three broad headings: political economical and social. This research question was chosen as it not only fascinated me that the eastern Caribbean’s French and English planters’ desire for greater profitability led to the sugar revolution and thus other changes that were equally revolutionary. This topic will allow the reader and anyone else who comes in contact with this SBA to better understand the reason for this change of chief crop and how the people of the Caribbean territories in†¦

Charles Dickens and Curley’s Wife Essay

A comparison of Nancy from ‘Oliver Twist’ by Charles Dickens and Curley’s Wife from ‘Of Mice and Men’ by John Steinbeck. In the two books both characters can be compared with each other but in many ways they are different in looks, language and personality, but the reasons for which the authors created them is much the same. I believe that Steinbeck created Curley’s wife, so that the reader feels sorry for her because most of the other characters in the book try to stay clear of her and do not get to know her, and in a sense, judge her by the way she dresses. On the other hand Steinbeck is trying to express to the reader that looks do not count for everything. The main reason for Curley’s wife’s creation in my personal opinion is because all of the characters in the book are misfits for example; Lennie is not clever and acts like a child when he is with George by the riverbank and threatens to leave because George becomes annoyed with him. Also Crooks the Negro is crippled and cannot walk very well, but in his own way he is special and well educated. In the same way Dickens creates Nancy as the type of character that the reader feels sorry for but at the same time accuse her for the mistakes she has made, such as running away from Bill Sikes but returning to him because she loves him and cannot bring herself to leave. As the book progresses the reader begins to gain more respect for Nancy but I believe that there is a reason for Nancy’s death, which is brought about by Oliver and this, is that doing the right thing does not always mean that it is not dangerous to yourself. The two characters have different opinions on their partners and are not treated in the same way, but neither of them is happy with her life. Curley’s wife is unhappy with her life and this is most likely because Curly is over possessive of her and all he ever talks about is fighting which makes her a little scared of what he may do to her if he is in a mood. She is always flirting with other men on the ranch like when she is alone with Lennie she says, ‘What you got there sonny boy. ‘ We are also given the impression that she is a ‘tart’ by the way Steinbeck describes what she wears, ‘She wore her bright cotton dress and the mules with red ostrich feathers. Her face was made up and the little sausage curls were all in place. ‘ Curley’s wife married Curley to get back at her mother after her dreams had been broken because the letter, which she had been promised from Hollywood never, arrived. On the other hand the only reason Curley married her was for his reputation and we know that he is vein due to the way he keeps one hand in a glove in order to keep it soft for her. Curley is also worried about what she may be up to when he is absent and therefore is always snooping around after her, which makes his wife feel trapped. Nancy in much the same way is not loved either but she does really care about Bill Sikes. Unlike Curley’s wife, Nancy is assaulted by Bill on many different occasions and is eventually killed by him. The main difference between the two characters is that Sikes is not overprotective of Nancy in the same way Curley is and will let her go out as long as he knows where she is going, the reason for this is that Sikes knows that Nancy is loyal to him. When Nancy meets up with Rose and helps to save Oliver she also offers Nancy a new start but the offer is declined because Nancy does not want to leave Bill Sikes and she says, The main contrast between the two characters is that Nancy loves Bill, but Curley’s wife does not love her husband but she cannot leave him because she lives on the ranch and has no other place to stay. The characters partner’s opinions compare because neither of them really care for their lover. Sikes treats Nancy like a ‘punch bag’ and she is scared of Curley because he has hit many other people and she is suspense waiting to see if he will lash out at her. In ‘Of Mice and Men’ Curley’s wife is known to some of the other characters such as Crooks, George and Candy as a ‘tart’ or a ‘bitch’ and a good example of this is when she walks into the bunkhouse and George says, ‘Jesus what a tramp, so that’s what Curly picked for a wife. ‘ As George is saying this Lennie is admiringly staring at her saying’ ‘She’s purty’ in response to Georges insult. Most of the men on the ranch try to stay clear of her and George warns Lennie about her too, ‘ Listen to me you crazy bastard, don’t you even take a look at that bitch. I don’t care what she says and what she does. I seen ’em poison before, but I never seen no piece of jailbait worse than her. You leave her be. ‘ Lennie refuses not to listen and ends up not taking any real notice of what George has says to him. Oliver respects Nancy, like Lennie is fond of Curley’s wife and both of them seem to have child like qualities that judge the characters for who they are and not how they dress or look. In the same way as Curley’s wife is despised by the ranch workers, Nancy is looked down on by the upper class people of the nineteenth century. The main reason the upper class residents do not respect Nancy is because she is a prostitute and in the time of Dickens this occupation was the lowest of the low for a woman. When Nancy goes to visit Rose, who is the adopted daughter of the women whose house Oliver broke in to, she is looked down on by the servants and thrown out of the hotel because of the way she looks. ‘Come! ‘ said the man taking her to the door, ‘None of this, take yourself off. ‘ The servants are not the only characters that look down on Nancy, Fagin and Sikes treat her badly and Dickens describes Sikes as using Nancy as his punch bag. Bill Sikes persists this behaviour even though Nancy looks after him when she is ill and says that she would even walk around the jail if he was arrested, just to be with him, but Sikes replies that she would be useless to him unless she brought a file to help him escape. On the whole I feel that neither of the character are loved and they are judged by the way they look, not by the people they really are inside. Each of the characters is special to one person, in Curley’s wife’s case Lennie and in Nancy’s, Oliver. I feel that the biggest difference between the two books is the language and the reason for this difference is the time at which they were written. In John Steinbeck’s ‘Of Mice and Men’ the language is simple but strong, the reason Steinbeck’s characters speak in this way is because that’s the way 1930s Americans would have spoken, for example, when George, Crooks and Slim are talking about Lennie, George says, ‘If that crazy bastard foolin’ around too much, jus’ kick him out, Slim. ‘ There is also a large amount of slang used between the characters, like when George and Curly are talking and George replies, ‘He was ‘gunna’ put some tar on a split roof. ‘

Book Review †English as an International Language Essay

The blurb of this contribution to the scientific research of English states that this language does not only matter in the context of linguistics but also in other subcategories of science like â€Å"sociocultural, political and pedagogical† fields. The reason is seen in the matter of English being a lingua franca that is used in all areas of these studies and therefore the book’s goal is to take a closer look into the complexity of the international usage of English. The book is kept in a light tone of brown on the outside. On the cover there is a picture of a globe published in Digital Shock in 1997, obviously underlining the focus on inter-nationality. Title and Editor are kept in white. The book spine gives a short introduction about the focus and provides the reader with some quotes of well-known scholars like Janina Brutt-Griffler and Ryuko Kubota. At the beginning of the book, the lists of acknowledgments, contributors and abbreviations are located, followed by an overview by the editor Farzard Sharifian. The work is split into four parts namely: 1. Native/ Non native Divide: Politics, Policies and Practices; 2. EIL, Attitudes and Identity(ies); 3. EIL, Teacher Education and Language Testing: Gaps and Challenges; 4. The Scope of EIL: Widening, Tightening and Emerging Themes. All of the parts contain 3 essays, except the fourth chapter that provides five different endings. In order to give a brought overview, I will summarize each essay in short and name the convincing and the missing points. The introduction states that the focus of this book is â€Å"on communication rather than on the speakers’ nationality† (p. 5). The reason for this focus lies within the critique that English language teachers express while looking at the results of such a research. This reveals a unilateral measure, excluding the scientific field of English language teaching and underlining the focus on more political issues. However, it already gives a certain sense to the difference between English as an international language (EIL) and English as it is taught in school. This overview deepens on the following pages dealing with the difference of â€Å"politics, policies and practices† (p. 6) and the more precise definition of EIL. By looking closer on attitudes and identities, the author takes position in recent debates and controversies e. g. based on the â€Å"NS-NNS accent†. Even though he declares an assumption stating that â€Å"English native speakers have no difficulty understanding each other† (p. 8) to be wrong, he at the same time provides the readers with the pro and contra arguments in such a debate. Due to the fact of his entry being more or less an introduction, Sharifian succeeds in not going to far into detail but giving hints of what will be dealt with in the following. The starting chapter is mainly concerned with the politics influencing English as an international language. The first essay is contributed by Adrian Holliday, professor for linguistics at the Canterbury Christ Church University in the UK. He argues that English as a lingua franca cannot be dealt with on sociolinguistic grounds alone but must be seen as phenomenon of changing ownership. With this statement he does not question the lingua franca movement but rather points out possible problems resolving from this point of view (p. 21). After providing the reader with background knowledge of the movement establishes a distinction of native and non-native speakers based on the question whether or not this is a distinction to be made on linguistic or political foundation. In the end he comes to the conclusion that due to their distance to the language, non-native speakers are more critical about English as a lingua franca. With the combination of political and linguistic approaches, Holliday provides the reader with a real sense connection of the two fields and therefore this entry is an appropriate contribution to the subject of the book. The next essay is written by Sadia Ali, anthropological linguist from Zayet University. Her focus lies within the field of EIL in the Gulf Corporation Council (GCC) (p. 34). In order to do so she reflects upon the experience of English teachers within this council. This is a major contrast o the focus that Sharifian declared in the beginning of the work. However, by finding out that the employed people in this field are usually native speakers, Ali continues by analyzing their experiences within the alien culture (pp. 40-42). Through the research on the students perceptions, she also enlightens the flip side of the issue and comes to the conclusion that even though the qualification of a teacher does not depend on his/her being a native speaker, hiring processes are still unfair and not adjusted to the actual needs. Additionally, she proposes to give up older convictions of regarding correct English as an attribute of native speaker (pp. 51-52). Marko Modiano from the University of Stockholm takes the same line with the slight adjustment of rather concentrating on European language teaching which in his opinion failed. By providing the reader with tables that reveal the multilingualism in Europe and its state, he claims that the policy of staying with this system causes the failure of English language teaching (pp. 70-76). Even though the arguments seem convincing, Modiano totally neglects the opposite view of English being just used in order to simplify international economical or cultural processes. The second part of the book deals with the characteristics of EIL in particular. The first contribution by David Li, Associate Professor at the University of Hong Kong, aims to research the views of non- native speakers towards intelligibility and identity. In short the discussion whether native speaker based pedagogical models are useful or if pluricentricity should be the norm. Based on a combination of quantitative and qualitative data using a semi-structured questionnaire he comes to the conclusion that teachers should raise the awareness of their students for other varieties of English rather than sticking to a native-speaker based model in order to â€Å"encourage the learners’ confidences in their own English varieties† (p. 110). The sixth chapter is published by Enric Llurda is a Professor Applied Linguistics at the University of Lleida, Spain. His scrutiny is located within the fields of native models among second language users and teachers and their pervasiveness. He establishes a connection between non-native English speakers and the phenomenon of the Stockholm Syndrom (p. 119). He claims that non-native speaking English teachers are accepting proposals and formulation â€Å"that relegate to mere spectators and at times executioners of native speaker norms† (p. 119). After establishing a connection between these teacher and EIL, he further describes the attitudes between the two and comes to the conclusion that there is a â€Å"need to overcome non-native English speaking teachers and their subordination to native speakers models† (p. 28). Additionally, he provides possible solutions e. g. to gibe teachers more opportunities to develop their language skills. (pp. 130-131). EIL migrant teacher identities is the field of investigation of Bojana Petric, a lecturer at the Department of Language and Linguistics at the University of Essex. Taking into consideration the mobility of English language educators, she wants to give an overv iew into the role of a migrant teacher within his/hers classroom. Her results are based on interviews with four English teachers in Hungary. These interviews brought her to the conclusion that various factors have an influence on the teachers’ constructions of identities. However by admitting that e. g. gender, race or class have also impact to a certain extend she reveals that the research on this field is just one out of many to tackle the issue of migrant teachers (pp. 148-149). The third part of the entire book already gives an impression of more future oriented essays, aiming to improve backward conditions. The first essay subscribe to that and is written by Vaidehi Ramanathan, a Professor for Socio/Applied linguistics at the university of California, and Brian Morgan from the the York University in Toronto. From a more critical point of view the two argue that globalization makes the problem of classes and their inequality more complex than before and has therefore also an influence on teaching English to speakers of other Languages (TESOL). The interesting thing about this article is the structure of it. Both authors engage in some kind of dialogue and thus the arguments add up and reflect upon each other. Be that as it may they come to the conclusion that that globalization results in significant challenges for â€Å"new scholars and practitioners in TESOL† (p. 166-167) which at the same time help lead to new possibilites in ways of approach. While all preceding chapters deal with whole parts of the globe e. g. the Eastern bloc, chapter 9 focuses on preparation programs in Japan for English teachers. Aya Matsuda, Assistant Professor at Arizona State University, takes a stand in the debate about the Japanese action plan â€Å"to ‘cultivate Japanese with English abilities. (p. 169) and in how far World English and EIL are incorporated into such a program. In order to do so, she used a questionnaire for Universities having an accredited teacher preparation program to collect the information needed. After the evaluation she draws to a close that the current preparation programs are â€Å"attempting to increase their students’ awareness of the sociolinguistic complexi ty† (p. 87). However, it will take more time to further improve these programs and to make them a good instrument to change the teaching methods and hence our society. The test that almost every student of English has encountered during his studies is the TOEFL. For this reason, Sarah Zafar Khan, director of the Effat English Academy at Effat College in Saudi Arabia, puts tests like this in comparison to the notion of English as an international language. She basically questions the dominance of standard American variety of English and the parts of the TOEFL test. In short is there a hegemony or not. To provide a practical example she integrates a case study from Saudi Arabia (pp. 195-197). Through her research, she sums up that students are able to use English for communicative reasons, still, they are not explicitly acquainted to the standardized American English occurring in the TOEFL. Thus she demands a change in the system of English testing for non-native speakers (p. 204). In the fourth part of the book, Paul Roberts and Suresh Canagarajah (the first is a publisher of ELT books and worked as an English teacher in 8 countries, the other Professor for Language Learning at Pennsylvania State University) open up with a glance spoken English in an international encounter. In order to do so, they concentrate on a conversation between five non-native speaking persons, all of them with a different nationality. Through this procedure they find out that â€Å"ELF 2 speakers have the capacity to negotiate English when the context demands it. † (p. 224). Due to the fact that capacities like this have been left out of linguistic literature so far, the assumption may come up that this is just possible because of the special circumstances both authors created. Be that as it may, it reveals that the strategies of communication are based on the circumstances and not on capability of the speakers themselves. The twelfth chapter is written by Sandra Lee McKay, Professor for English at the University of San Francisco. She concentrates on the pragmatics and EIL pedagogy. The author desires more attention to the teaching of pragmatics in English as an EIL. Mainly paying attention to L2/L2 interactions, the foundation for her argument is built upon the hybridity of modern interactions in English (pp. 127-128). The outcome of her research is that non-native speakers of English are more likely to use constructions or words of their L1 systems. In cases such as this, she proposes the working out of a specific communicative strategy to clarify certain concepts of English (p. 251). The final chapter fourteenth chapter with scholarships and the role of English connected to it. Andy Kirkpatrick, Head of the English Department at the Hong Kong Institute for Education, considers â€Å"the implications of the rise of English as the international language of scholarship for the dissemination of indigenous knowledge. †(p. 255). The main source of his investigation is Chinese medicine and its international transition. With this he proves that a cultural property such as traditional medical procedures, are widely spread across the globe through the help of English language. Still he thinks that this is not a thread to the Chinese tradition because the medical procedures still vary even if they claim to be Chinese. In brief the change in Chinese medicine would have sooner or later anyway (pp. 266-268). The final chapter is contributed by Eric Anchimbe, assistant Professor of English Linguistics at the University of Bayreuth. He analyzes the differences of local and international standards. Therfore he concentrates on Indigenized Varieties of English that have spread in the recent decades and are also referred to as New Englishes. In the following he underlines the differences e. g. to non-native Englishes (pp275-277). Anchimbe proves that the variation of English is not only based on misconception but â€Å"asymmetrical power relations as well as social constructs sustained through colonially-inherited discourses† (p. 84). Also, to him it is inevitable that the language of English changes like everything in the progress of globalization. All in all the contributions to the book are more than satisfactory concerning the actual goal announced by Sharifian in the introduction. However, it is sometimes hard for the reader to draw the connection between goal and entry of the book. The single texts are easy to approach and combine statistical research with comprehensible conclusions. Another point that is well done, is the fact that all texts are written from different authors from different parts of the world. This is of course necessary for a book that researches international facts in English, still the range of countries taken into consideration is remarkable. One point that does not succeed is the division into different chapters and parts. First of all it really confusing regarding the fact that there are so many texts. Also the division does not make sense because many texts have similar approaches and goals and are still not part of the same chapter. In comparison to other linguisitic books of research the topic is rather detailed. Therefore some entries appear to repeat many facts from each other. Still, by taking a closer look to the chapters, it becomes clear that every author uses the points for different ways of arguing in favor or against his topic. I think this book would make a great contribution to every language class. It shows that English is not only substantial in English speaking countries, but all over the world due to economy and culture and the influences of globalization.

Washington DC as a World City Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Washington DC as a World City - Case Study Example ‘Economic Transformation’ would be the right term to describe the Economic conditions in Washington, considering it's past and present. The Economic trends in Washington can be best described considering the factors like population, personal income, per capita income, employment, total industry earnings and average earnings per job (pnreap.org, 2006). The population growth in Washington from 1970 to 2005 is around 1.8% which when compared with the total US population growth of 1.08% is quite high (pnreap.org, 2006). This is due to immigration to Washington due to opportunities available here. However the percentage of growth from 2000 to 2005 has been moderate, that is only 1.2% (pnreap.org, 2006). On the other hand the personal Income Growth in Washington has been 3.8% compared to the total US growth of 3% (pnreap.org, 2006). This shows the kind of Economic growth in Washington when compared to US as a whole. It also shows that a major contribution for the Economic deve lopment of the US is rendered by Washington. This continued over a period of around 30 Years in US. Per capita Income can be termed as the barometer for calibrating Economic growth. However, the per capita Income distribution in Washington has been rather a flip flop during various intervals of time. During the 70's the Per capita Income was 2.7% when compared to 1.5% of US and in 80's it dropped down to 1.4% which again shot up to 2.5% in 90's and in late 21st century it was an all time low of 0.5% (pnreap.org, 2006). Many factors that include droughts in jobs, major business flops and lesser concentration on production, terrorist threats lead to this low growth of per capita Income. However, this was more than the growth of its neighboring regions. The promising factor over the past 30 years has been that of the total employment growth that accounted for around 2.6% which when compared to 1.8% of US is quite high. This shows vast employment opportunities here. The total industrial earnings in Washington are about 3.5% which has been much higher than 2.9% of US (pnreap.org, 2006). This shows the Economic boost and stability provided to local economy by Washington. Washington's Role Globally and Government's Strategies In spite of many risks, for more than 30 years, Washington's economy had a consistent expansion and its economy is being more balanced. Even when the domestic demand is less, the economy stands rock solid. The government takes planned actions like maintaining price stability and introduces structural reforms at many times that help improving domestic markets and encourage them to compete globally. Volatility and excessive changes in exchange rates are checked by continuous monitoring the exchange closely. Other policies include lowering tariffs and other rates to have a sustained growth in global trade and eliminate unemployment and poverty (washingtonbudgetreport.com, 2007). The government has taken steps to enhance the local currency bond markets to sustain the growth of financial markets so as to reduce and withstand the external shocks and financial crisis. The Washington's government was quick to adapt to

E tourism (The global hunter website evaluation) Research Paper

E tourism (The global hunter website evaluation) - Research Paper Example The web page of Senegal-Tourism could be categorized as an example of ICT since it is a technology heavily employed for a certain purpose (i.e., commercial in nature). It must be noted, however, that Carlsson’s concept of ICT is strikingly broad. For one thing, Senegal-Tourism as website or software technology is far from being a â€Å"general-purpose technology.† Conversely, Paquette’s idea of ICT is more attuned to the Senegal-Tourism web page mainly because of its prominent relation or connection to such website in terms of strategy, medium, and communication resource. In the long run, ICTs vitally require a kind of evaluation commonly called heuristic evaluation method. The concept of heuristic evaluation was originally designed by Jakob Nielsen (Reeves & Hedberg, 2003). Mack and Nielsen (1994 as cited in Nielson, 1993) generally defined heuristic evaluation as a method of rigorously inspecting a â€Å"user interface design for usability.† Similar to c onventional methodology, heuristic evaluation roughly consists of a well-defined set of principles. This set of principles widely varies from the particular type of heuristic evaluation method being used or employed. In general, heuristic evaluation has ten basic heuristics, which are applicable to any type of software technology; three of the heuristic evaluation methods, to give few examples, are pluralistic walkthroughs, cognitive walkthroughs, and formal design analysis. The methodology called cognitive walkthroughs was mentioned by Nielsen, which he described as one of the two â€Å"[o]ther usability inspection methods.† Conyer extensively defined cognitive walkthroughs as a method utilized in order to â€Å"evaluate the ease of learning to use a product, particularly by exploration† (as cited in Reeves & Hedberg, 2003). On the other hand, Nielsen’s heuristic evaluation is essentially a kind of pluralistic walkthroughs. Based from several studies conducted, he concluded that a minimum of three evaluators are needed in order for the heuristic evaluation to be â€Å"reasonable† (Neilson, 1993). By and large, using heuristic evaluation method in evaluating certain interface’s usability is advantageous because it is less time-consuming and more cost saving (Reeves & Hedberg, 2003). In evaluating a particular interface or software product, several key concepts or terminologies considerably require definition of terms. In computer-science jargon, web content could be defined as the textual representation contained in a specific website. Fiore and Tang (2006) implicitly categorized web content, or simply content, as words or group of words -- essentially a paragraph construction -- primarily intended to be placed into one’s â€Å"online store.† Content is fundamentally the text seen or viewed on the Site. Text here is, normally, in a form of written text containing, like the human language, codes or signs that hav e meaning. Moreover, web content imperatively requires weekly, if not daily, update and upgrade -- what Fiore and Tang called â€Å"

Timeline and Mind Map Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Timeline and Mind Map - Essay Example Maslow identifies five main concepts of human needs including physical, self-actualization, esteem, love, and safety requirements. After a review of the dynamic needs, Maslow further introduced new concepts into the motivation factors. For instance, cognitive needs came into lights. Knowledge and meaning are important aspects that motivate people towards management needs. Aesthetic needs such as appreciation, balance, form and beauty plays an integral role in the management. A working environment without these factors offer not only a platform of failure but also a denial of human needs. Locke believes a relationship exists between how difficult to perform a specific task and a goal. In many instances, goals are either too easy or vague. It, therefore, is important to formulate SMART goals that are specific and objective. Locke believes success in any management setup without goals is impossible. As a result, he came up with various strategies of setting goals that are both reachable and realistic. Undoubtedly, Locke’s theories remain one of the best guides to formulation of efficient theories. The five principles of goal setting should prioritize clarity of goals. According to him, clear goals are unambiguous, specific, and measurable with a definite time of completion. Clear goals allow employees to work with specific guidelines into reaching success. Additionally, the level of challenge plays an important role in motivating people towards success. Conceivably, people judge success based on the anticipated accomplishments. Rewards increase enthusiasm and realization of more difficult goals. It, therefore, is important to strike a balance between challenges and realistic goals. Commitment allows people to understand and commit into a goal when involved. Certainly, feedback and nature f task also plays an important role in clarity expectations. It vital to adjust goal difficulty, clarify expectation, and modify tasks for effectiveness. John Stacy

Discuss in DETAIL six Cognitive distortions Essay - 1

Discuss in DETAIL six Cognitive distortions - Essay Example The behaviour of the mentally ill patient is observed and studied to probe into their situation and suggest treatment. According to (Sharf ,2012,pg.8)â€Å" Belief system and thinking are seen as important in determining and affecting behaviour and feelings† Another technique which is the environmental approach, the environmental stressors which cause the psychological problem is investigated. In this case, the environment can be a stimuli for depression or other anxiety problem in a person. In biological technique is the emotion, language, memory, attention, and perception of the patient is understood to identify their psychological functioning. Here the anatomy of the brain is studied to understand the underlying cause of the problem .often the person is analysed for their chemical dependency to get an actual picture of the patient’s condition. The other technique is the supportive method which is crucial technique cognitive therapy. Despite the effectiveness of the cognitive therapy technique, it is necessary to include a supporting factor in the treatment process to make the patient comfortable and

Military Salary Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Military Salary - Research Paper Example One of their duties is to respond positively to orders whenever they are called upon. Members take oath of protecting the country from both internal and external attacks. Many are times when militants travel outside the country to help in peace keeping in such countries. During their encounter with their enemies who are also armed, some may be injured or killed (Salkind, 2009). According to Sorenson and Wood (2005), militants should be ready for work always. Sometimes they are called upon during late hours of the night or on weekends when they should be resting. Patrolling late at night puts them at risk of attacks by enemies or gangsters. Sometimes they are forced by the nature of their job to spent long periods away from their family members. Militants may be sent to work in areas where climatic conditions are not favorable for their health. For instance, tsetse fly and mosquito infested areas or areas were getting the necessities, as water is a problem. They are likely to contract diseases from such areas. Based on the risks that military officers are prone to, the salary they are paid cannot cater for the risks and commitments involved during their work. The proposal aims at identifying the reasons as to why the salary received by military officers however large they may be cannot adequately cover the risks and commitments involved in serving their countries (Nasu, 2009). ... Some like weapons like bombasts and grenades cause deaths of large numbers of people depending on their weight. Militants are of no exception during such periods. Making use of the above weapons causes death of many militants. Injuries that may lead to disabilities may also occur. This study aims at understanding why the amount paid to military officers is not enough to cater for the risks and commitments involved during their service because they are at risk of death. The study is important because the salary of the military officer will never benefit them if they happen to be victims of death during wars. Why get huge salaries and put your life at risk is a question of major concern. Research Rationale The purpose of carrying out the study is to determine why salaries that military officers earn are not sufficient to cater for the risks involved and commitments during their service to their countries. In order to determine the role of study, qualitative methods of data collection w ill be used. These include focus group discussion in which military officers will be selected randomly then discussion about the topic is conducted. The other method is interviewing individual military officers to get their views. Finally, the research can gather information through direct observation of military officers as they carry out their operations. The above methods of data collection will help the researcher gather adequate information. This study is related to demographic issues and work force in the country as deaths among military officers reduces workers and population in the country. The payment given to militants is not enough to cater for their risks and commitments because the chances of

Managing and Leading Strategic Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Managing and Leading Strategic Change - Essay Example However, the increase of the market share of Microsoft, the major competitor of IBM, led to the limitation of the power of IBM in the global market. Accenture plc and Hewlett Packard are other important competitors of IBM (Yahoo Finance 2011). The strategic plans of IBM have changed many times in order to support the increase of the firm’s competitiveness towards its rivals. In 2003-2004 a major restructuring of the firm’s supply chain management framework took place, aiming to enforce the firm’s competitiveness the support the increase of its profits. The above plan is analytically reviewed in this paper, as explained above, aiming to show the ability of the firm to monitor its operations and identify its weaknesses. Also, the willingness of the firm’s employees to support radical organizational changes – in order for the firm’s performance to be stabilized, is critically evaluated. 2. Strategic change in IBM 2.1 Key change plans in IBM As n oted above, the strategic plans of IBM have been periodically changed in order to align the organizational practices with the market trends and the customer needs. The last effort of such type has been developed in 2009 – when the firm established ‘the Business Analytics and Optimization (BAO) consulting service line’ (Soejarto 2009). ... 2005) aiming to keep its market share – against the industry’s major competitors, especially Microsoft. However, the above initiative did not led to the expected benefits – in 1993, the losses of the firm were estimated to $8 billion (Meyer et al. 2005). In 2003 the firm’s strategic planners identified important failures in the organization’s supply chain management strategies; efforts were made for updating existing supply chain management practices. The Integrated supply chain (ISC) has been a scheme introduced for helping towards the elimination of delays in the firm’s operations – as these delays were related to failures in the existing supply chain management framework (Paton et al. 2006). The update of the particular sector of the organization lasted for 2 years, 2003 and 2004 and led to the introduction of an integrated plan for managing the supply chain relations in all their aspects. The above change plan contributed in the im provement of the firm’s supply chain management. However, certain implications were not avoided, a fact that led to the limitation of the plan’s benefits – as planned by the initiators of the particular project. 2.2 Implications of change initiated in IBM Despite the fact that change, as part of IBM’s strategic planning process, has been traditionally aligned with the organizational needs and the market conditions, still, the effectiveness of the relevant plans is rather limited – at least compared to the resources engaged and the preparation made for the particular initiatives. The reasons for the delays in the development of the organization’s performance need to be identified and evaluated; also, the potential failures in the plans of change, as promoted in the

Pharmacy School Personal Statement Essay Example for Free

Pharmacy School Personal Statement Essay As one of the aspiring pharmacists in the country, my personal and career goal is to be in line with the top-rated practitioners in pharmacy. Hence, it has always been my dream to serve the public, most specially those who are sick and in need of appropriate pharmaceutical assistance. I am aware of the fact that this career demands more of my time because serving these people matters the most. As such, I can say that the work environment in this occupation would never be easy. Moreover, as a postulant in this line of work, I hold on to my oath by rendering quality services for those people who require pharmaceutical aid. As one of the aspiring professionals in pharmacy, I am well guided by my mission and desire to render my quality service for the patients and for this profession. Likewise, assisting people with their pharmaceutical requirements in the most effectual way is one of the most efficient sources of motivation in performance of my duties and responsibilities as medical personnel. Certainly, witnessing people and patients receive the ample service they deserve serves as my primary source of inspiration to move forward and feel optimistic in this field. Ever since I was young, my dream of being a pharmacist in the future is clearly evident as I usually envision of this dream every time my mother gave me medicine to take when I am sick and eventually I would feel a lot better after being administered with the correct type and dosage. Since then, the question of how such specific medicine could work in the human body to cure diseases and other health problems had guided me to find out more about pharmacy. In addition to this, I just attended a program in University of Texas at Arlington and received quality training that would definitely be helpful for me. Apart from this, my enthusiasm in pharmacy is already evident during my younger days as I have broad interest in science. As such, I have been through different formal courses about science in order to improve my medical capabilities and broaden my knowledge, skills, and abilities, which could definitely help me in the achievement of my goal in the field of pharmacy. Particularly, I would state that I am ready to undergo the rigorous training under the doctoral degree program in pharmacy in consideration of my work ethics and actual hours of rendering pharmaceutical services. Thus, I acquired useful and relevant experiences in pharmacy through my former training where I worked as a pharmacy technician. Thus, through these experiences I learned how to work closely with my colleague in achieving a unified goal in pharmacy. Nonetheless, this actual work had taught me how to get along with the patients that I consider a key factor to achieve success in the work place. As I undergo a series of actual pharmaceutical practices, it is perceived that these practical experiences have taught me meaningful insights for this specific line of work. Apart from being well-equipped with formal academic knowledge in pharmacy, being into various actual pharmaceutical practices has helped me well in improving and developing my sense of responsibility and enthusiasm as a pharmacist. Hence, this opportunity to work as a pharmacy technician had given me the chance to experienced valuable actual practices that would be advantageous for me when the time comes that I apply for doctoral degree program in pharmacy. In addition to this, getting involved in various civic activities that has the goal of helping other people enables me to combine work, passion, and volunteerism. Nonetheless, I am given the sense of pride and worth through these activities. In the end, in able to achieve this specific goal of mine, I accept the fact that I have to undergone formal doctoral pharmacy degree. Certainly, I truly believe that through this higher level of learning, I would be able to acquire necessary knowledge that could help me in improving and developing positive characteristics in order to become an outstanding and well-rounded pharmacist. Nonetheless, I hereby submit myself to receive the needed degree in pharmacy in aid of my pursuance to my career and personal goal.

Different Gaits used by Bipeds and Quadrupeds

Different Gaits used by Bipeds and Quadrupeds Gait can be defined as the manner by which an animal moves.   This essay will detail the standard gaits of bipeds and quadrupeds in addition to the underlying concepts of these gaits and examples of the animals which practice them.   There are a number of technical terms used to describe gaits which will be outlined along with the classification of various gaits. Stride is defined as a complete cycle of leg movements, i.e. a select foot being set down to the next setting of the same foot, where each foot is only lifted and set down once in each stride.   Stride is further described by stride frequency, f, the number of strides per unit time, and stride length, ÃŽ », the distance travelled in a stride.   Thus, average speed, v, of an animals gait can be defined as fÃŽ ». The duty cycle of a foot is defined as the duration the foot is on the ground as a fraction of the stride.   In most gaits, the left and right feet of a pair have approximately equal duty factors.   Generally, in bipeds, when the duty factor is greater than 0.5 the gait is a walk (both feet on the ground at some point) and when it is less than 0.5 it is a run (both feet off the ground at some point). The relative phase of a foot is defined as the time the foot is set down as a fraction of the stride.   The first foot of a stride is assigned relative phase 0 and the rest have a relative phase between 0 and 1. There are four different classifications of gaits for bipeds: walk, run, skip and hop.   The walk and run gaits have symmetrical footfalls and alternating legs swings, whereas the skip and hop gaits have asymmetrical footfalls and synchronised legs swings. Bipedal walking in humans is described as a pendulum movement of the legs with the hips scribing a circular trajectory for each step.   Humans use walking as their primary gait as it is the most highly efficient and least energy consuming gait for them.   This efficiency comes from the pendulum movement of the legs; the basic principle of a swinging pendulum is conservation of mechanical energy: as potential energy increases, kinetic energy decreases and vice versa.   This helps minimise the metabolic energy required while walking as there is not net mechanical energy, making walking a very efficient gait for humans.   (www.physicsclassroom.com) Running, a faster gait, is a almost always more energy expending that walking for all animal.   The maximum walking speed is reached, at which the walk must change to a run, when the Froude number equals 1.0.   The Froude number, Fr, is dimensionless and can be defined by where v is the velocity, g is acceleration due to gravity and l is leg length.   Humans will spontaneously switch from a walk to a run at some point between a Froude number of 0.5 and 1.0, when the walking speed becomes less energy efficient than the same running speed. Skipping and hopping gaits are not often used by humans are they are less energy efficient and more unstable than the other two.   However, there are some bipedal animals that favour the skip or hop gait.   For example, hopping (when both feet have a relative phase of 0) can be advantageous in kangaroos as the legs are powerful enough to yield sufficient air time.   Similarly, skipping (when the relative phases of one foot is 0 and the other 0.3) was the preferred gait by many astronauts on the Apollo missions as the lesser force of gravity let arise to strides with long air time, making the gait highly energy efficient. Quadruped gaits are similar to the bipedal gaits, but with more precisely defined variety.   Quadrupeds may walk by walking or ambling; run by trotting or pacing; skip by cantering or galloping; hop by bounding or pronking.   The gaits are classified by the relative phase of each foot as seen below: Most quadrupeds are not capable of all gaits due to variables in their body (e.g. leg length, knee bend, foot position, foot size, etc.) and favour certain gaits over others due to energy expenditure.   Quadrupeds generally use symmetric gaits for slower running and asymmetric gaits for faster running.   For example, a horse with increasing speed will walk, trot, canter then gallop as it becomes more energy efficient to do so.   The trot is the most common run for quadrupeds, although camels pace and wildebeests change directly from a walk to a canter.   Quadrupeds like turtles, with slow muscles, can only walk, lifting one leg up at a time to maintain balance in the remaining three feet on the ground. In conclusion, bipeds and quadrupeds move by a variety of gaits, choosing the most suitable and energy efficient. Zoe Gargulak References       Michael W. Whittle, 2007, Gait Analysis: An Introduction R. McN. Alexander, 1984, The Gaits of Bipedal and Quadrupedal Animals http://www.physicsclassroom.com/mmedia/energy/pe.cfm (accessed: 14/03/16) R. McN. Alexander, 2004, Bipedal Animals, and their Differences from Humans Hugh Tyndale-Biscoe, 2005, Life of Marsupials Alberto E. Minetti, 1998, The Biomechanics of Skipping Gaits: a Third Locomotion Paradigm? Physical Principles of Biological Processes 2 (16B), 2017, Lecture 5: Posture and Gait